International HRM

International HARM International HRS management refers to an extension of HRS that relates to having people working overseas. HRS professionals are going to have to consider how to best provide policies, practices and services to a diverse set of employees located in potentially very different locations and operating environments.The differences between IHRAM and HARM involve: involves working with an organizational structure that is more complex there are a greater number of more diverse stakeholders groups to take account of there is a rater Involvement In people's private lives because of the expatriation element Diversity Is necessary In terms of management style greater number of external influences and risks to understand and manage Regardless of the type of organization, policies, practices and HRS systems must be compatible and effective across the world, and need to balance the needs, wants and desires of all the various groups of employees, whilst remaining cost- effective. It should take Into account the following. Range of Manpower approaches: Ethnocentric: WHQL management dispatched, Polytechnic: Local management; global; Right Person in right job. The International Dimension: Contextual impact of Globalization; International effectiveness of Organizations and the global nature of Labor Markets. Cultural Orientations: Nationality Is important in HARM because of its effect on human behaviors and the consequent constraints on management action. Understanding cultural diversity Is crucial to managing an international organization effectively.Hefted defines 4 distinguishing factors of national culture: Individualism: Power Distance: uncertainty, avoidance and masculinity: Time Orientation: Hypotheses work is interesting in that it demonstrates that cultures among a people remains persistently divergent despite convergence in areas such as technology and economic systems. Trampers is a researcher who has looked at different dimensions of cultures. GLOBE Examines practices and values at industrial organization and societal level. National Business Systems Institutional variation Is another major determinant of differences between the prevalent approaches to HARM found In different countries. A widely advanced view Is hat the following factors have a major influence on how HRS is practiced on a day-to- day basis.Local Laws Enforcement Mechanisms Government and Policy Making Collective Bargaining Labor Markets National Training Policy/Agencies Pension Arrangement Social Security Systems Marathoner et al 2010, highlights the need for the recognition of diversity, culture and national business systems which can be achieved through: Strategic management of corporate Identify, vision, mission and values Line managers need to mange the Capture the benefits of diversity, leverage tacit knowledge Acknowledge local market knowledge Apply best practice across the group with global programs Cross cultural management development is critical. Em ployees working internationally need to be able to work effectively in the country and culture where they are placed. This requires any potential assignee to have a high level of self-awareness of their own assumptions and sensitivities. To operate effectively their must examine their own culture and understand how this will impact on their Judgments and their perceptions of the behaviors of others from different cultural backgrounds.

IT Changes Work Environments

Initially there Was some debate as to how large Of a processor was needed to improve liability and also increase the service life of the system, we, the working group decided that mezzo upgrade should be sufficient for the systems roles and responsibilities, I know a mezzo processor. Mr.. Moor's law has and technological advances have really improved the corporate world. These advances have steam-lined international business as well as domestic. Communications have been made simpler with conference calls, emails and even online chat rooms.A company that may have a great IT concept may develop it and introduce it to a market but it will only be a short time before a impetigo company will be working on a similar concept. This has had a hand in the growth of Technology as well; it is those competitive natures that keep pushing new ideas and concepts. The main thing took away from the stages of growth is that timing is everything. If you enter too soon it can be very costly because you a re the first one to try it so you will make mistakes and to fix those mistakes can be very expensive.Not only can it be very expensive but as you are pioneering new technology everyone else is sitting back learning from your mistakes and successes at a fraction of the price. They save money and you pay the price. However if you get in too late your technology becomes out dated and you lose consumers who want a company on the cutting edge of technology. I work for US Bank and we were one of the last major banks to upgrade our Tam's with the image scan of the checks and money. We got so many complaints about why aren't our Tam's up to date.We probably lost a lot of customers over it as well. Every business wants as much market share as possible because more market share means more profit, more control, and less competition. Time ND experience have shown that standardization will bring more consumers to the market. No matter what the business is, it needs a way to operate and communica te with other businesses and consumers. According to an article by The International Journal Of Electronic Commerce, standardization in IT is critical in order for a business to make the most out of its time and resources.This article goes on to explain how â€Å"proprietary' and â€Å"open† standardization zone in on whether a business is more concerned with increasing its market share (proprietary) or more concerned with keeping its fixed share (open) but t the same time, increasing the size of the whole market. Cloud computing was a major thing for me to learn and was able to understand it more after a while. Cloud computing is the ability to store and access data and programs over the internet. Everyone wants access to their data and have immediate access to their files anytime and nap. Here. At a previous employer, our network was shared by all of our divisions in California as well as associated companies. Telecommuters were also able to share equally in the network. T his network of computers made up the cloud. When the web browser was own, we had limited or no access to our files let alone the internet. I tried not to work from home, but sometimes I was able to access my Web e-mail. Web email as well as yahoo, hotmail, and g-mail are forms of cloud computing. Organizations can rent software instead of purchasing the product.A business and their employees can run their computer tools online and process their work and file saving using their web browser. The benefit is the reduced cost for everyone involved. The downside of this concept is that the organization has to place trust in this software vendor. While reading arioso articles about AAAS, realized the software that currently use fall into this category. Sharpening is used to store and track electronic documents and images by different users. It is also password protected preventing access to people outside the organization.We search for the news in a particular manner, we seek information i n a faster method for today's standards and the internet has changed our way of discovering the news. Most of the news today is delivered through various outlets and news medias that changed the way they see the world. In the past, the world depended on the news from newspapers or word of mouth, UT primarily they would try to find information from the source. It time people found this inefficient and troublesome to their way of managing information as we see the future developed in a different manner.Information now is provided in an instant with such APS as twitter or news cast feeds that can be shared by a simple text. It is a new world of technology that has inevitably changed the way we live and see the material world at an instant. As life has see a major change we see that the news and other hard books have changed. Now we get books from Kindles and other material such s being Pads provided the information as the facts that change how we get information that we can changed the world of people, and the information as seen as being drastic change.It is important to see that you can view the aspiration of others. Learning and being part of something the can guide information towards the right direction you are able to see a good point and see that you can make it better. The data mining point of view comes from the aspect that certain changes in data are always developed. I see that certain changes in data come from different companies such as Amazon, Google, faceable, and other operating systems that use search as a primary source of work.I see that certain changes of the group of people come from the different areas of changes that can be ineffective in certain changes. In having read the article of Big Data we see that the new ways of collecting it comes from an easier method-?the consumer. When we go online our best way to find things are to search and find the best way through various inputs such as realizing the inclination of things and seeing that c ertain materials can be found through various inputs, as we will see that Google began this improvement of search engines that ignited the idea of advertising.Now business see that been able to utilize the information to have business grow their volume in the production of things, but we will see that changes in the person can have a big understanding in the aspect of learning. In retrospect, the interesting parts of this course was able to recognize the different changes in the technology world and how IT is making efficient work but scarce labor. The way see technology trending is how can we make our lives more convenient while saving time and money?Convenience to most people is how We can be productive on our smart phones and laptops by utilizing the internet. Some examples include cloud computing, online banking and depositing checks with a picture, shopping online, working from home, communicating with friends and family through social media, taking classes online, sending emai ls, games, movies, TV shows, etc. Time is money, so many people are willing to pay a premium for hi-tech devices. With Artificial Intelligence, people can rely on robots to get work done. Although robots are very expensive to buy, they can be cheaper than paying labor costs.

A CASE STUDY of Bentley Security Company

A CASE STUDY of Bentley Security Company The work described in this report is the result of my own investigation. All sections of the text and results that have been obtained from other work are fully referenced. I understand that cheating and plagiarism constitute a breach of College Regulations and will be dealt with accordingly. Table of Contents Individual Project declaration †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. ii Acknowledgment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iv Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ v Topic Page 1 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 1.1 Case study contents †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 1.2 Introducti on of study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 1.3 Situation analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 2 Question One Answer †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 2.1 Corporate Finance †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 2.2 Ansoff matrix †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 2.3 Product Life Cycle †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 2.4 Value Chain †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 2.5 Competitive position of Bentley †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 3 Question Two Answer †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 3.1 Porter Five Analysis of Company †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 4 Question Three Answer †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 4.1 Bentley’s Management Buyouts †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 5 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.. 8 REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 Abstract This case study about security company Bentley, which is providing both the products (alarms) and services (door supervisors) is ideal case study about the situation faced by medium firms and companies when they try some expansion strategy. Bentley tried an expansion strategy by going into security services along with its production business for that they went for acquisition. Unfortunately it was unable to manage it properly. There were many issues related to finance and human resource management. They have some solutions to regain their profiting position. Among those choices one is going for management buyout either for security Inc or for both businesses. They also need to look for efficiency issue of their work force. They must also invest some money into their research and development department which should brought innovation and advancement into their alarm products. Bentley can utilize their experience in industry to regain their position in the market and can also explore new market in future with innovation. 1 Introduction Before making an introduction to case study we will go through the case study material to understand situation given in the case study to get a better understanding of this case study. 1.1 Case study contents Bentley is a Security Company that has been trading in Go tham City for twenty five years. Recently, the senior management team met to review progress. Finance Director: I am concerned about our recent financial performance and it seems to me that we are in danger of being taken over at a bargain price. Our return on owner’s equity is 2% below the industry average and we have a large debt arising from the leverage purchase of Security Services Inc. What we can do to improve our financial results as soon as possible and, at the same time, convince the market that we have a long term viable future? Marketing Manager: In my view we have an excellent portfolio and our problem are mainly due to poor cost control. We progressed from our base in producing domestic alarm systems into commercial systems and then acquired Security Services Inc – which provides guard and watch services for commercial premises – that capitalized on our core skills at each stage. We decided into diversify because the domestic market was saturated a nd there have been large increases in the number of suppliers because it is now an easy business to get into as the technology has become standardized. The commercial sector was growing due to the current economic boom; but we have been stuck at 12% market share in the commercial systems market and while Security Services Inc had over 300 service contracts when we acquired it, we have not yet been able to attract any new customers.

Social Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Social Psychology - Essay Example Its roots, dynamics and occurrence have been the subject of countless debates and contentions from scholars in various fields of human knowledge. All of them strive to uncover why an individual would strap onto himself an explosive and detonate it in places full of bystanders. Each field tries to understand how an ordinary student ends up planning and carrying out a kidnapping for political ends. Scholars explore the reason behind why groups of individuals have so much contempt for a state or group of states. Experts analyze the basis of the various doctrines of hate and malevolence against a particular class of people or a sector in society. Despite all these efforts and undertakings to that dissect and formally study terrorism it is not common that it be understood from the standpoint of social psychology. By rationalizing the phenomenon of terrorism within the framework of the workings of the human mind new insight may be derived about it. Psychology in general has delved into terrorism before not in the specific context of Social Psychology. The latter would present a new perspective as to the understanding and analysis of terrorism, its participants, their beliefs and psychological dimension of the same. For the purposes of this paper the concept of terrorism which will be explored will involve terrorism carried out by terrorist groups such as Al –qaeda, Jemaah Islamiya and Hezbollah. This is distinct and separate from state sponsored terrorism as in the case of the Third Reich under Hitler and the former U.S.S.R. under Stalin. The usual definition of terrorism is something like "the use or threat of violence, by small groups against non-combatants of large groups, for avowed political goals." The key to this definition is the combination of small groups killing non-combatants. Terrorism is the warfare of the weak, the recourse of those desperate for a cause that cannot win by conventional means McCauley (n.d.). The attack

The Brit-Wear Fashion Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Brit-Wear Fashion Company - Essay Example The unique aspect of the business will be the fact that designs will be developed from various themes or factors that demonstrate Britishness and instead of shipping finished clothing from the United Kingdom; the company will establish its own production plant in Hong Kong where labor is cheaper than in the UK. Research problem and objectives Collis and Hussey (2009) argued that before implementing a business idea it is always crucial to conduct a research about the market in order to establish the feasibility or the likelihood of the business idea becoming successful. Equally, before launching the Brit-Wear Fashion Company in Hong Kong it is of essence to conduct a market research focusing on the Hong Kong fashion/ clothing market. The main factors that the market research will be investigating are the market size that is available for the Brit-Wear Fashion Company in Hong Kong, the present trends that are prevailing in the Hong Kong fashion industry, the competitors present in the Hong Kong market and their unique advantage. Additionally, the demand that currently exist in the market for fashion clothes designed using British themes, and environmental factors affecting the Hong Kong fashion industry such as the economic, political, and technological issues. It is significant to note that these factors listed above are the objectives of conducting the market research. In order to attain these research objectives the researcher employed secondary research technique, which according to Collis and Hussey (2009), involves the collection of data from sources that already exists such as scholarly books, journal articles, and credible internet sites. The researcher opted to use three credible publications that contain pertinent information relating to the objectives listed above. In a scenario whereby it would be possible to conduct primary research, then the research would have seek to answers the research objectives/ question based on actual responses from particip ants who would have comprised of a random sample population of at least twenty men and women from Hong Kong and two prominent fashion designers based in Hong Kong. The primary research process would have been conducted using questionnaires and the two prominent fashion designers would have been further interviewed to provide further insights into the research questions. Secondary research findings In reference to the research publications that was written by Poon (2013), it is stated that clothing companies in Hong Kong have gain wide reputation for their quality production and reliability since they deliver quality clothing within a short lead-time. The Hong Kong clothing industry is a major sector within the region and it is the third top employer within the region based on the fact that there are 1,021 clothing companies that employee over ten thousand workers. According to Poon (2013), in the international arena of fashion, the Hong Kong fashion industry is a critical player sin ce it exports most of its products to international markets that includes even the United Kingdom and some of their products are stocked in leading fashion retail stores in both America and Europe such as JC Penney, Macy’s, Sears, and The Gap. Additionally, world-renowned fashion retailers such as Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein, and Tommy Hilfiger, among others source some of their clothes from Hong Kong.  

The Life of Talented People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Life of Talented People - Essay Example The aim of the online marketing is to achieve as many views as possible to the site. In this regard, the YouTube channel for the musician must be interlinked with all online communities and sites. Therefore a Facebook page for James Morrison will be created and linked to the Twitter following and the YouTube channel through hyperlinks. The online pages and sites for the must be properly designed in order to achieve attractiveness, user-friendliness, and effectiveness in navigation. In this regard, attractive photos of the artist, especially during performances, must be included on the online sites. More importantly, the music videos of the artists must be provided with links to allow views to access them with ease. The Daily Mail (2011, p. 36) illustrates that online marketing of music must ensure that the works of the artist are easily accessible by the audience so that the popularity of the artist within the market will grow significantly. Furthermore, James Morrison’s websi tes and likes will be updated regularly so that current and relevant information on new releases, performances and collaborations are availed to the music market. What is to be given priority is the relevance of the information of the sites. The information on the artist must be interesting to avoid a situation where viewers of the site get bored with the site.Management of Recording DealsSexton, McClure & de Hart (2002, p. 440) point out that one of the most important roles of art managers is making deals with Record Labels or producers. important roles of art managers are making deals with Record Labels or producers. The music business of the artist must be controlled by the artist manager which includes making proper deals with must producers at the right time.

The Persuading Argument on the Other Face of Globalization Essay

The Persuading Argument on the Other Face of Globalization - Essay Example Deb returns in India as a journalist working in The Guardian. This book explores the New India and meets new individuals such as Arindam Chaudhuri, Esther, and the farmer. During his travel, he exposes the contradictions in the projection of New India and the real world. The author aims to project the deception that globalization creates in terms of its declaration of massive wealth, but secretly repels the class inequalities. Globalization impacts not only the cultural identity of Indians, but it also aggravates the social condition of the poor. The main thrust of this paper is to argue that the story is convincing because of the logical reasoning presented, accountability of the author, and appeal to emotions. Logical Reasoning Persuasive writing includes an appeal based on logic or reason. Logical writing tends to persuade readers to agree with the viewpoint of a writer. The book of Siddhartha Deb has logical reason because of the utilization of facts and observation to support hi s views that India is creating an illusion with the advent of globalization. According to Glenn and Gray, the method of â€Å"using a number of specific facts or observations† is called inductive reasoning wherein the writer formulates a reasonable judgment (126). Furthermore, logical reasoning comprises of the gathering of stories from different persons he met while travelling in the subcontinents of India, factual evidence based on its observation through defining it in a descriptive text and statistics. The description provided allows the connection of the narrator and readers through drawing an image of the working condition in India. The narrator’s description to the workers: â€Å"The men †¦ were infernal creatures, rags wrapped around their faces to protect themselves from the heat, inevitably dwarfed by the extremity of the place, with everything so large, so fast and so hot† (Deb, qtd. in Subramanian). Moreover, the balance in the story is achieved because Deb does not only focus on the poor individuals, which desire to be rich because of the promise of progress in New Delhi, but the subject of his story is a rich man who owns large business establishments. The description of the author to the steel workers in New Delhi depicts the miniscule in comparison with the gentrification of the city. Thus, the buildings are too immense, which signifies a progressive city. Along with gentrification is the lost of cultural identity of Indians, due to the invasion of the West. The invasion happens because the author has observed the modern buildings, products, and dress code. The traditional services and products are nowhere to be found. It means that the contemporary India is changing to a globalized India, but the labor condition remains the same. Deb supported his logical reasoning through a statistics that implies the income inequality among Indian workers. The Kirkus Reviews on The Beautiful and the Damned stressed the factual evide nce of Deb about the â€Å"total number of people in India consuming less than 20 rupees a day was 836 million - or 77 percent of the population.† This statistics proves the condition of Indian workers, which contradicts the wealth projected by the government. Abelson iterates that statistics is often used to support an argument and to prove its reliability and validity; however, it is also misleading (1+). Statistics is supposed to create credibility, which depends on the author’

How can forensic crime scene analysis assist with developing offender Essay

How can forensic crime scene analysis assist with developing offender profiles Illustrate your answer with examples - Essay Example For the profiler the process begins at the scene of the crime – the pieces needed in order to solve the puzzle are found here, and it would be impossible to proceed without a thorough investigation of the crime scene. Forensic evidence, details concerning the mode of attack, the victim chosen and other pertinent details are collected by the profiler and these serve as the foundation on which the offender profile is developed. Thus the importance of forensic crime scene analysis in developing the offender profile cannot be stressed enough. The evidence gathered at the scene of the crime, both physical and behavioural serves as the springboard on which the profiler gains access to the criminal mind. Over the years, forensic technology has improved vastly and has had a tremendous impact on police investigations as we know it. Some people go as far as to say that the infamous Jack the Ripper would have been nabbed if Scotland Yard could have had the benefits of the enhanced forensic technology available today. Be that as it may, evidence in the form of a fingerprint left on the crime scene, a shoe print, physical evidence like hair, fibres, semen, blood or other bodily fluids can go a long way in helping the police to identify the perpetrator. Locard’s Exchange Principle was a groundbreaking development in forensic technology. According to Saferstein, it â€Å"†¦ states that when an offender comes into contact with a location or another person an exchange of evidence occurs† (cited by Turvey, 2002, p.40). Consequently, the perpetrator leaves a part of himself behind while also taking something with him that is bound to link him to the crime. Physical evidence l eft behind may be compared against a database of known offenders and more often than not the identity of the perpetrator can be established. Fingerprint technology and

Milton's essay test Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Milton's test - Essay Example The fate of man changed into a nature of uncertainty. While it was Satan who caused the deviance, man is justifiably and inevitably coursed to take on his new fate; and this new fate becomes a responsibility of choosing between good and evil as a result of a now emerging free will. In creating man, God gave him a free will; but, on the other hand, man is free to fall. Man is entitled to punishment to his sins which are attached to his free fall. This then poses a question on God’s merciful intentions: if man is not responsible for the fall as it was based on free will, how can he be subject to punishment? However, if God inclines the will of man to moral good or evil according to his own pleasures, and then rewards the good and punishes the evil disparity is also caused. It is then from this supposition that divine justice is founded on. Milton emphasizes what Genesis describes about a sinful fate and nature of man as well as the consequences that this development brings: â₠¬Å"Farewel happy Fields Where Joy for ever dwells: Hail horrours, hail infernal world† (9). In the preceding line, Milton shortly chronicles the partial end of â€Å"absolute† happiness of mankind. ... It is true that if man had not fallen then there would be no need of Christ the Savior. This also means that there would be no redemption which is God’s plan of restoring man. The process of redemption of man began when Christ died for man. Even though man will have to suffer consequences, he will have God’s grace and mercy. This is ironical, because it’s God who created man a perfect human being and then later punishes man for fulfilling his purpose. In his poem, Milton states: â€Å"If not deprav’d from good, created all Such to perfection, one first matter all, Indu’d with various forms, various degrees Of substance, and in things that live, of life (85). This can only be justified if punishing man was one of the plans of God. However, it is significant to note that the good resulting from the fall surpasses the consequences of the original sin, hence the fall can be said to be fortunate to man. Furthermore, there is a significant incongruence o f Milton’s account of the Fall of Man as compared to that stated in the Bible: â€Å"Which hee, who comes thy Saviour, shall recure, not by destroying SATAN, but his works† (208). In the preceding passage, Milton is trying to say that Jesus will only end the bad works of Satan, but not Satan himself. This is quite Biblically intriguing in that in Revelation Satan will be destroyed forever, which obviously would include his bad deeds. Milton through Satan’s declamations shows Satan’s idea of free will as a facade. God carefully manipulates Satan to accomplish his plan of Adam and Eve’s fall. While speaking, Satan mistakably introduces doubtful thoughts in the minds of the reader in the sense that his or her will is free. Satan aims at proving that God

Reviving the Milking Devon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reviving the Milking Devon - Essay Example The embryo is a potential organism in that it has the ability of developing into the biological structures and functions needed to generate consciousness and mental life characteristic of that organism (Flynn & Dawkins 635). The frozen embryo must first be thawed. The embryos are removed from their storage canisters and are exposed to room temperature. Cryoprotectant is removed and is replaced with water, but the process should be done carefully to prevent it from bursting. The embryos are the brought to room temperature and transferred, or they may be cultured to multiply before they are transferred. Survival of embryos to the thawing process depends on their quality before freezing, effectiveness of freezing and thawing procedures. After thawing, embryos are evaluated for viability. Some may not be viable due to lack of surviving cells while others may be partial survivors with some cell injury. The damage may not prevent the embryos from resulting into live birth because it was al ready proved that even damaged embryos in the process of freezing and thawing are capable of causing pregnancy (Wassarman & Soriano 38). The best embryos are those that, after freezing and thawing, they survive a hundred percent with all parts of their cells intact, but very few embryos tend to fall in this category. Embryos are checked for the presence of abnormal chromosomes, or problems with genetic coding, which may cause, genetic diseases or miscarriage, and gender of the inborn by carrying out preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (Shermer 365). This involves surgically removing one or two blastomeres from a six or eight cell embryo usually on the third day after thawing. Note that removing a cell at this time does not harm the embryo. The embryos are incubated for a day after thawing until they reach the cleaved stage, and then they are transferred into the uterus of another cow. Since all dairy cattle are dead, any cow including the beef cattle may be used. This process should b e done on the second day after ovulation of the surrogate cow. The cow becomes pregnant and delivers Milking Devon calf. Consequently, Milking Devon can also be revived through somatic cell nuclear transfer technology. The DNA is extracted from nucleus of frozen embryo. The DNA is then reassembled using the genome of any cattle available. Extract the eggs from the ovary of any cow; remove its genetic material from their nuclei and replace them with the genetic material from the extinct Milking Devon. Fuse the nuclei with eggs of the surrogate cow and initiate cell division by treating them with chemicals or shocking them with electric current (Flynn & Dawkins 635). When the embryos have grown to two hundred cells in size, transfer them into the uterus of the surrogate cow. The surrogate cow will become pregnant and deliver the extinct Milking Devon. The frozen Milking Devon sperm can also be used to produce a cross a breed with characteristics similar to those of the original Milkin g Devon (Perry 347). Obtain the mature unfertilized eggs from the surrogate cow and store them in BSS at room temperature. Remove the BSS from the unfertilized egg and mix them with the thawed sperms. Then incubate the mixture of sperms and eggs in appropriate temperature for around fifteen minutes. Sort out the fertilized and unfertilized eggs; unfertilized eggs are incubated with sperms again to ensure that many of them are fertilized.

Rationality, Educated Opinion and Peace Essay Example for Free

Rationality, Educated Opinion and Peace Essay Abstract: This paper addresses the relevance of interwar thought to the building of peace through examining the ideas of three important writers of the period: Edward Hallett Carr, Norman Angell and Alfred Zimmern. The role of public opinion was under much query in the politics of the period they wrote in, and crucial to this issue are the questions as to whether the public mind is rational and capable of reason. These writers are concerned with the influence of public opinion and believe that through educating the public mind, the possibility of peace can be increased. Drawing from their ideas, this paper thus postulates that peace is a product of rationality and there is possibility of progress through education. The birth of international relations as a separate discipline was founded against the context of the interwar years, which brought about important consequences for the subsequent development of the interwar years. The tensions prior to and the subsequent devastation of the Great War forced intellectuals of the early twentieth century to seek explanations for the causes of war and to postulate measures by which another catastrophe could be prevented. The general psyche of the people exerted an influence on the direction of international studies. As David Long points out, the academic study of international affairs during this period of time possessed a normative though not necessarily utopian interest in the avoidance of war1. Such a trend is manifested in the trust deed of the Wilson Chair of International Politics (one of the first few schools of the discipline), which states that international politics is the political science in its application to international relations with special reference to the best means of promoting peace between nations.2 Woodrow Wilson, being a leading statesman at the time, presents one of the possible avenues for peace. He consciously and deliberately tied issues of foreign policy to domestic politics, giving rise to what will come to be known as the democratic peace thesis. Wilson advocates the belief that popular participation, public life and opportunity for all [will be] the guarantee of peace. Wilson believed that diplomacy and foreign policy must be taken with regard to public opinion and the public being rational would prefer peace to war.3 The crucial premise here is that public opinion matters in a democratic political system. The assumption further made is that the political leaders are sensitive to public opinion and will be susceptible to their demands. The issue of public opinion gives rise to another set of issues, and one of the foremost in this period, is the skepticism that the basic assumption of a rational public rejecting war is true. Is the public rational? Is war a rational choice? The political definition of rationality is the ability of the public to discern the options open to them, and to adopt the best option to achieve their prioritized goals. The Great War cast doubts as to whether public is necessarily aware of what their options and goals are, much less their ability to choose the best option to fit their preferred purpose. As historian A. J. P. Taylor argues that the intellectual backlash against the dehumanizing war made the interwar years an age of intellectual and artistic activity, where intellectuals from various fields of study question the power of man to reason.4 The devastation of war brings queries, particularly from the idealists, as to whether war can be a rational choice. Even if the assumption holds true, there is still the question as to whether public opinion has any weight on policy formulation. Given this particular context, this paper questions the foundations of Wilsonian politics. This paper will thus postulate on the influence of public opinion and the impact of rationality on the maintenance of peace by drawing from the ideas of three important writers of this period: Edward Hallett Carr, Norman Angell and Alfred Zimmern. This paper will first introduce the positions of all three writers. It will then examine the fundamental assumption shared by all three writers with respect to public opinion, before expounding on their arguments on the rationality of the public and why the issue matters. The paper will then look into the possibilities of peace, and how the three concur on the issue of education. Due to source constraints, this paper will draw on secondary references to the works of the three writers, where the primary sources are not available. Carr, Angell and Zimmern Peter Wilson in Thinkers of the Twenty Years Crisis introduces Carrs book as a work which not only set the tone for subsequent discussion of inter-war thought, but also substantially shaped postwar attitudes towards it.5 The premise for The Twenty Years Crisis is the critique of inter-war idealism, which Carr terms utopian6. Carr dismisses the utopians as being unable to understand political reality and sets up a dichotomy that supposes utopia: reality= free will: determinism= theory: practice= morality: power =universal: relative= intellectual: bureaucrat= Left: Right 7 The dichotomy presented by Carr undermines interwar idealism, and leads, in part, to the rejection of the practical value of these theories. This dichotomy shapes subsequent debate and is consequentially identified as the polarity of realism and idealism, which will dominate international studies for the next few decades. In order to posit queries of the dichotomy, it is first necessary to expound on the assumptions that are conventionally made of either school. Brian C. Schmidt summarises the assumptions of idealism as follows : a pervasive faith in reason and rationalism, a belief in the infallibility of public opinion, the view that war was irrational, that the best way to end conflict was through education, international law, and world government, and, finally, a belief that the essential harmony of interests existed, which translated into the international doctrine of war-does-not-pay8. Superficially, both Norman Angell and Alfred Zimmern adopt such assumptions in their writings. Significantly, both Angell and Zimmern share the same devotion to one key tenet: the possibility of progress through educating public opinion and conditioning human behaviour. Their devotion to the tenet became stronger later into their careers, especially after the Second World War. The realist school of thought as represented by Carr, refutes the idealist assumptions. In particular, the realists argue that the concept of power is central to international affairs. Carr adopts Thomas Hobbes argument on human nature and advances the argument that the state as a rational actor will choose to maximize its capacity for power in order to secure its survival. He argues that public opinion, even when informed, is not necessarily pacifist and that thought can be mould by political purposes. Through defining his position by rejecting and critiquing the idealists assumptions, Carrs realist position is thus seen as the diametric opposite of the idealists. It is then necessary to redress both the ideas of Carr and the much-maligned interwar idealists, among whom are Zimmern and Angell. The choice of juxtaposing Angell and Zimmern with Carr in this paper is conscious. Both Zimmern and Angell are among the few utopians whom Carr explicitly criticizes in The Twenty Years Crisis. Andreas Osiander points out that Zimmern is still widely regarded as what Oslon and Groom have called the consummate idealist9, and is thus identifiable with the idealist school of thought. Yet Zimmern, as Paul Rich and Peter Wilson suggest, is considerably less adverse to Carrs ideas than his idealist colleagues.10 Angell, on the other hand, is one of the fiercest adversaries to The Twenty Years Crisis, but J. D. Miller raises the argument that Angell should be regarded less as an idealist than a far sighted realist because of his acute awareness of the issues of political reality11. The interplay of their ideas then calls to question the validity of a clear dich otomy. In essence then, this paper seek to question if the positions of these writers on the assumptions raised by Schmidt are as concrete as they appear to be. In other words, this paper examines the complexities of Carr, Angell and Zimmerns ideas on the applicability of public opinion, rationality and possibilities of peace. On closer examination, this paper argues that despite the differences, the three share a fundamental similarity: the belief in progress. The dichotomy between the realists and idealists is permeable, and in their postulation of the long term, the arguments of Carr, Angell and Zimmern coincide. Public Opinion First and foremost, the underlying assumption that Carr, Angell and Zimmern adopt is that public opinion matters, even though their understanding of public opinion differs. Zimmern argues that [p]ublic opinion is the lifeblood of a civilized community but unfortunately, the majority of the peoples is guided by caprice of ignorance, passion or greed, and the other devils if unreason.12 The title of Carrs inaugural speech at the University College of Wales, Public Opinion as a Safeguard of Peace says much. Carr argues that public opinion can exert tremendous influence over a foreign policy issue that it feels sufficiently strongly about, using the case of the public rejection of the Hoare-Laval plan to build his case. He states that, No nation, and least of all a democracy, can wage war unless it has the support of an overwhelming majority of its people13. The implication of such a statement in light of guarding the peace is that insofar as the public is not in favour of war, a state and particularly a democratic state will not and cannot adopt war as a policy instrument. Angells Nobel Lecture, Peace and the Public Mind, adopts the same position, except that he argues public opinion, being misinformed and disastrously erroneous can lead to war. 14 Interestingly both Angell and Carr argue that public opinion is easily manipulated. Carr devotes a section to Power over opinion in The Twenty Years Crisis, suggesting that the greater proportion of public becoming conscious or involved in politics relates to the importance that the ruling elite place on propaganda as an instrument of power. The influence of propaganda rests on the premise he sets earlier in the book that the crucial contribution of realism is the idea that thought is relative to purpose. 15 For instance, nationalism, as a form of ideology, could be seen as a means by which the public can be persuaded to go to war. Similarly, Angell contends that a small militant minority is capable of appealing to the majority towards a policy that may not be in the majoritys best interests.16 Rationality Having established that public opinion has a role to play, we then move on to the crucial questions: is the public rational, and is war a rational choice? On both issues, there are significant differences between Carr and the idealists, arising from the difference in the way they interpret and infer from past and current events. Reason and rationality give rise to different outcomes for Carr and the idealists. An important observation is that Carr places more faith in reason and rationality than do the others, contrary to our earlier presupposition that it is the idealists who have a pervasive faith in reason and rationalism. A proper definition of what is meant by rational behaviour has yet to be provided as a premise for argument. To proceed, we adopt James Mills argument for the rational public opinion quoted in Carr as a guide to what rational behaviour entails: Every man possessed of reason is accustomed to weigh evidence and to be guided and determined by its preponderance. When various conclusions are, with their evidence presented with equal care and with equal skill, there is a moral certainty, though some few maybe misguided, that greatest number will judge right, and the greatest force of evidence, whatever it is, will produce the greatest impression. 17 Whereas Carr believes that the public, being self-interested, is capable of defining their goals and seeking the best possible means to achieve toward that end, he rejects Mills definition of rational behaviour. Mills definition is in turn based on the ideas espoused by Jeremy Betham who assumes that the ideal option is the greatest good to the greatest number. Carr argues that public opinion comes from the masses, who are for large part, neither enlightened nor educated and thus the greatest number need not necessarily judge right. He argues that Betham and Mills assumption that self-interest can be sacrificed for the sake of the greatest good to the collective is based on some kind of intuition of what is right and cannot be demonstrated by rational argument.18 Carr suggests, instead, that rational necessarily demands a consciousness and the ability to adjust to the balance of power existing in international affairs, which serves as a constraint on the options available. The discerning public thus does not only take into account what is right, but also what is most practical in catering to self-interest. Carr then adopts an argument that is parallel to Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes, in Leviathan, states the fundamental law of nature as: it is a precept, or general rule of reason that every man, ought to endeavour peace, as far as he has hope of obtaining it; and when he cannot obtain it, that he may seek, and use all helps, and advantages of war Carr comments, to the same effect, that although war is undesirable, it is not possible to impose an absolute judgement that war is always and unconditionally wrong. The implication of Hobbes and Carrs argument is that the public being rational favours peace. However, when the public believes that they have more to gain from war, or more to lose from not going to war, war becomes a rational and logical solution. Historically, Carrs argument seems to find sufficient basis in the outbreak of World War I. One of the reasons contributing to the war was the increase in bellicosity, arising from rationalization of cost and benefit or cooperation and non-cooperation. Prior to the Great War, the perceived cost of non-cooperation19 had decreased. The perception was influenced by beliefs that any war would be short, a consequence of a highly exaggerated faith in the efficacy of offensive military strategies and tactics20 and by the system of alliances. The perception was further coloured by nationalism. Secondly the perceived gains of non-cooperation had increased. The general belief was that expansionism and offensive foreign policy was perceived to be too high, due to the general suspicion of the intentions of the other states. Given these perceptions then prevalent, European states saw it to their advantage to go to war, and in fact to initiate the war so as to reap the greatest advantage of the gr ound. This international game theory exemplifies in part the rational process that Carr espoused. The idealists depart greatly from Carr. Angell and Zimmern accept that Mills definition is greatly desired but finds it incongruent with political reality. Reus-Smit, in his essay The Strange Death of Liberal Theory, argues that the conflict between morality and political reality is seen by Angell as a divide between reason and unreason. He argues that, If the former prevailed, there was some hope of a reconciliation between morality, defined as the well-being of all and reality, which in [Angells] favoured area was the incompatibility of warfare and such well-being.21 However, within the historical context, Angell believes that unreason prevailed. Angell believes that the public mind is often irrational, because it is too easily persuaded; it does not possess sufficient information, nor the ability to process vast amounts of information when it is available and it lacks the skill to seek evidence for the various conclusions, as Mill points out, i.e., it cannot see the likely results of actions. 22 The public mind cannot compute cost-benefit-analysis, which is central to rationalization. Angell accounts for this irrationality of the public mind, stating that it arises from the failure to apply to our international relationships knowledge which is of practically universal possession23 In Angells opinion then, it is not for the lack of intellectual capacity on the part of the public that lead to the irrational behaviour, but the inability to apply knowledge. Resting on his idea of the irrational public, Angell expounds on the war and why the publics choice to go to war is actually irrational. In his aptly named book, The Great Illusion, he puts forth a convincing argument on the futility of war on grounds of rationality and economic considerations. Angell argues that the perceived benefits of war under modern circumstances, are reduced, as victors can no longer expect to benefit as much from the spoils of war. The change is largely because goods and spoils are no longer portable (such as gold, silver, slaves, precious stones) as they had before. Goods and services are non-physical such as currency, shares, and fixed assets, and are thus not transferable wealth. As such, if states act purely in their self-interest, given the expectation not to gain from war, states would be unlikely to pursue war.24 Angell considers this line of reasoning to be simplistic and easily applicable to the conduct of international relations. Yet as the advent of World War I proves, the public is incapable of applying such rationale to political practice. Angell argues that the pervading reasons behind war, then, are irrational. Not only does war not serve to the benefit of the state concerned, better alternatives of action could be sought such as building economic relations, social interaction. Such connections can be used in persuading, as opposed to coercing, other states into behaving in the manner that is beneficial to the state concerned. Thus the argument adopted is that war is irrational, i.e. not the best-laid option, and man being irrational and susceptible to external influences, chooses to use war as a policy instrument. Andreas Osiander points out that unlike what Carr implies, Zimmern, like Angell, was very far from seeing public opinion as necessarily a force for peace.25 Like Angell, he believes that the conflicts in the international arena, giving rise to war are resultant of intellectual, and not political failure.26 However, if Carr is to be believed, Zimmern can, in fact, be seen as being more extreme than Angell. Carr states in The Twenty Years Crisis that Zimmern is inclined towards the hypothesis that If mankind in its international relations has signally failed to achieve the rational good, it must have been too stupid to understand that good. Carrs statement is not altogether justified. Although Zimmern does point out that the impediment to overcoming the obstacle towards peace is that man are beings of conservative temper and limited intelligence27, what he implies is that man is reluctant to adjust to present realities brought by modernity. As a result of the inherent resistance towar ds change, mans mental capacity does not adapt to the fact that previous ways of managing international relations are no longer applicable. Consequentially, public opinion cannot be trusted to be rational. Zimmern subscribes to John Stuart Mills argument of the tyranny of the majority. He argues that the ruling elite, that is, the politicians in positions of power tend to be capable of rationalization. However this intellectual minority in government is consumed by the irrational public: for statesmen, however wise and far sighted, are limited in their policies by the public opinion and parliaments to which they are responsible.28 Angell concurs on this issue. J. D. Miller, drawing from Angells comments, argues that Angell too feared the impact upon politicians of an unreasoning crowd mind, and doubted the capacity of politicians to resist it. Both Angell and Zimmern, then, prefer that the intellectual minority be given the ability and power to lead the rest of the populace, so as to govern rational foreign policies. In this regard, Carr again differs. Whereas Carr does agree that the intellectual minority has a role to play in leading public opinion,29 he believes that the intellectual minority is however, sadly, out of touch with reality. He argues his case by drawing on the difference between intellectuals perceptions of the League of Nations with those of the man on the street. The intellectuals, who tend to be idealists by his definition, strive to secure and maintain peace via means of treaties, covenants and legal codifications. The general public, however, is more concerned with the practice of international affairs (as opposed to the theory.) Going by Carrs understanding of rational behaviour to be taking into account what is right and also what is most practical in application, the intellectual minority is in pra ctice less rational than the public. Change and the possibility of progress As it is, there seems to be a great divide between Carr and his two contemporaries with regards to whether man is rational. However, central to their arguments is the shared belief that history is a directional process, that is, there is the idea of constant change. Carr argues that war occurs because of the conservative reluctance to allow change to the status quo and the way to peace is to provide means of peaceful change.30 Angell and Zimmern suggest that war occurs because man has yet to come to terms with change, and that the mentality and psyche of the populace has not kept in line with international developments. As Zimmern states, the statesmen and the peoples have not adjusted their minds to the new realities31. The central concern with the issue of change harkens to a broader issue on which the three writers concur: the possibility of progress. The interwar context is one of pessimism. The first decade had been one of recovery and rehabilitation from the shock of the Great War and the second decade of mounting tensions and escalation to an even more disastrous war. The context in which these writers write in, therefore, begets the question of whether man can move away from destruction of war, and by what means. The three writers agree that the current situation calls for change, as present movements and measures to maintain peace are insufficient and inadequate, and are reasonably optimistic that such change can be effected. Carr notes even in 1936 that, the cause of peace has made tremendous stride during the past fifteen years and shows his preference towards progressive history, arguing that a sense of change as a progressive factor in history, and belief in reason as our guide for the understanding of its complexities are crucial to the current world. Angell is of the same mind when he questions the unchangeability of human nature and argues that just as cannibalism and slavery can be systematically reduced in our society, so too can the warlike nature of man and states32. Zimmern, even when decrying the decline of international standards (which he defined as rules of behaviour) at a meeting at Chatham House in 1937 argues that the process of change allowing for peaceful coexistence was already taking place.33 The ultimate aim of change is the maintenance of peace, which is assumed to be the preferred good, through the avoidance of war. The question that is then posited is, by what means? Carr, Angell and Zimmern propose different measures but the one pertinent to the prior argument on public opinion and rationality is their faith in education. Due to their fundamental belief that public opinion matters, it is logical to argue that if the public mind, as Angell would call it, could be trained and conditioned to favour peaceful change, then the chances of states going to war would be minimized. Angell quotes in his The Great Illusion that Not the facts, but mens opinions about the facts is what matters, and making a parallel with the abolishment of witch hunts, he comments that just as in the matter of burning witches a change of behaviour was the outcome of a change of opinion in a same way a change in the political conduct of can only come about as a result of a change of thought34. The w ay to peace then is to shape mans perceptions about war. Given this understanding, the most basic and possibly most efficient way of bringing about this conditioned public is through education. However in his address given to Chatham House in 1931, Angell claims that the current education system does not adequately prepare the individual to make intelligent and informed inferences from the facts presented to him. He believes that the reason behind this lack in the system is that education tends to follow a tradition whereby an older generation influences and instruct the younger through a process of socialization.35 Unfortunately this tradition means that values and ideas that are taught are often unable to catch up with present realities. The educational system had also focused on provision of information, without equipping the individual with means to discern the motivations, the causation analysis, the implications et cetera behind the piece of information. According to him, We have thought too much of the facts and too little of their meaning. 36 Thus the socialization/education of an individual does not adequately provide him with the skill to make rational choices. Given his premise that war is irrational under any circumstances lest in defence and a rational public will therefore reject war, the skill deficiency means that man may choose to go to war due to their lack of understanding, unless the educational system can be changed. Beyond the suggestion that education shifts its focus from its informational purpose towards equipping successive generations with the skill to possess information, Angell does not however provide for how education can be otherwise structured. Zimmern elaborates on his ideal educational system in his book Learning and Leadership, which is not only designed to impart the skill of discerning information but also specifically equipped to teach students about international life. Particularly, he believes that practical experience through interaction with people from other nations will allow students to imbibe the habit of cooperation and harmonious living37. Zimmern believes that once people are given more exposure to the international arena, they will be able to understand foreigners and foreign influences better and become more acutely aware of the idea of universal brotherhood. This basic premise being established, man will be more able to understand the actions of others, less inclined to take preemptive action and to go to war. The assumption of such an argument is that people are less inclined to advocate war against a party that they share an understanding with. Education is thus seen as an instrument which can build commonality among peoples, as well as a means by which the public can be trained to be rational. In The Twenty Years Crisis, Carr argues for the application of reason to understanding current situations and political reality; in his later work What is History he extends the role of reason to the capacity to reform: The primary function of reason, as applied to man in society, is no longer merely to investigate, but to transform; and this heightened consciousness of the power of men to improve the management of his social, economic and political affairs by the application of rational processes seems to me one of the major aspects of the twentieth century. 38 The core assumptions here are that reason leads to progress and progress is necessarily an improvement. Remembering the key concern of the study of international relations in the interwar period, a foremost improvement of the human condition is the eradication of war. As do Angell and Zimmern, Carr believes that education was to be the tool by which such improvement can come about. However, unlike Zimmern and Angell who believe that the public has to be thought how to make rational choices in the first place, Carr believes that education can be used to shape the way the public thinks about their choices. Carr notes then that education policy must be shaped: Educators at all levels are nowadays more and more consciously concerned to make their contribution to the shaping of society in a particular mould, and to inculcate in the rising generation the attitudes, loyalties and opinions appropriate to that type of society: educational policy is an integral part of any rationally planned social policy.39 It is then assumed, that rationally, a society will be prefer not to resort to war in a conflict of interest, and a means by which this can be ensured is to design an educational system which, in the context of the interwar years, should imbue in them the moral norm that peaceful change is the preferred means of achieving policy objectives. To put it more plainly, Carrs ideal is using education to persuade man against the doctrine of power, providing a basis whereby a compromise between morality and power can be reached and peaceful change achieved. In his contention that thought is relative to purpose, Carr postulates that mass opinion can directed and in fact mass-produced via universal popular education. It is imperative to note that by popular education, Carr has included the mass media.( Carr does not, however differentiate between education and propaganda in The Twenty Years Crisis though in What is History, he associates education with rationality and the growing consciousness from below as well as from above of the role which reason can play40). The application of reason and rationality therefore means that education can be used to persuade mankind against war. Instead of making an argument that war is irrational, educators can influence the public into making a conscious choice not to use war as a policy instrument. As Carr states, I regard as of immense importance and promise the gradual extension of the area of the worlds surface within which war has been effectively been placed under the ban, such that war is actually unthinkable41. What becomes interesting is how closely Carr mirrors the utopians he derides. Peter Wilson, in his attempt to understand what Carr means by utopian, lists the various characteristics that Carr associates with the term. According to his analysis, all of these characteristics are progressive ideas; and it might be therefore be concluded that the core characteristic of interwar idealism is belief in conscious, progressive change. On this basis, Carr does not seem to be any much different, which recalls Reus-Smits observation quoted earlier in this paper that Carr is himself not a consummate realist. It is also possible to put forth an argument that Carrs argument against utopianism was never meant to be an outright and unconditional rejection of the interwar theories. Conclusion Whether or not these three writers think the public mind is rational depends largely on whether they believe war can be a rational choice, and yet regardless of their perspectives on these two issues, they believe that progress towards avoidance of war can be ensured through changing human behaviour. Education policies thus become important, as they can shape the perceptions of the public and thus affect their choices, which is in turn reflected in the chosen foreign policy. However there is a point to note based on this argument set. All three writers are writing within a democratic framework and tradition, where by definition, requires that public opinion matters. Yet, public opinion is less likely to make an impact in an authoritarian state, and even in democratic states, there is the consideration of public apathy, the leaders gambling and taking risks by not going according to public opinion, et cetera. These complications bring us back to the consideration of Wilsonian politics. Woodrow Wilson professes that his aim is to make the world safe for democracy, and that democracy will bring peace. His tendency has been to look at the building and maintenance of peace from a top down approach, where the political structure and political ideological apparatus are enforced. In other words, he looks to providing a mechanism which will allow the rational public to prevent the tendencies of the militant minority from dragging the state to war. However, from the ideas of Carr, Angell and Zimmern, such a mechanism would not function effectively against war unless the public mind can be first conditioned through a fitting educational system emphasizing co-operation and peace. 1 David Long, Conclusion: Interwar idealism, liberal internationalism and contemporary international theory. Thinkers of the Twenty Years Crisis: Inter-war idealism reassessed. p. 303, pp. 306-307. 2 Quoted in E. H. Carrs inaugural speech in the University College of Wales. Public Opinion as a Safeguard of Peace International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1931-1939). Vol. 15. No. 6. (Nov- Dec 1936), p. 846. 3 Mortimer Chambers, et al. The Western Experience Vol C: The Modern Era. pp. 892-893 4 A. J. P. Taylor, From Sarajevo to Potsdam. London: Thames Hudson: 1966 pp. 103-106 5 Peter Wilson. Introduction: The Twenty Years Crisis and the Category of Idealism in International Relations. David Long Peter Wilson. (ed.) Thinkers of the Twenty Years Crisis: Inter-war idealism reassessed. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 1995. p.1 6 Carrs term utopians is generally taken to refer to the idealists, though he does not clearly define who he considers to be utopians. 7 Wilson, Introduction, p. 12. Wilson adapted the equation from Hedley Bull, The Twenty Crisis Thirty Years On, International Journal, Issue 24, Vol. 4 (1969), p. 627-8. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis: 1919-1939. New York: Harper: (1946) 1964. pp. 11-21. 8 Brian C. Schmidt. Lessons from the Past: reassessing the Interwar Disciplinary History of International Relations. International Studies Quarterly (1998) 42. p 452 9 Andreas Osiander, Rereading Early Twentieth Century IR theory: Idealism Revisited, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 3 (Sep.,1998). p. 417 10 Paul Rich, Alfred Zimmerns Catious Idealism: the League of Nations, International Education, and the Commonwealth. Thinkers of the Twenty Years Crisis: Inter-war idealism reassessed. p.88; Peter Wilson, Carr and his Early Crtics: responses to the Twenty Years Crisis. Michael Cox (ed). E. H. Carr: A critical appraisal. New York: Palgrave: 2000. p. 167. 11 J. D. Miller. Norman Angell and Rationality in International Relations. Thinkers of the Twenty Years Crisis: Inter-war idealism reassessed. pp. 116, 119. 12 Alfred Zimmern, Learning and Leadership: a study of the needs and possibilities of international intellectual co-operation. London: Oxford University Press: 1928. p. 10; p. 82. 13 Carr, Public Opinion as a Safeguard of Peace pp. 857-858. 14 Norman Angell, Peace and the Public Mind. June 12, 1935. http://www.nobel.se/cgi-bin/print. March 24, 2004. 15 E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis. pp. 132-133; pp. 67-75 16 Norman Angell Peace and the Public Mind. para. 19 17 quoted in E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis. p 24. 18 Ibid. p. 26; p. 41 19 The line of reasoning here is tied to the idea of an international game theory, which due to practical constraints cannot be covered here. The argument is made in line with Robert Jervis theory on international behaviour in his Cooperation Under Security Dilemma World Politics. Vol. 30, No. 2 (Jan, 1978), pp.167-214. 20 Stephen van Evera, Why co-operation failed in 1914. World Politics, Vol. 38. No. 1 (Oct, 1985). p. 81 21 Christian Reus-Smit, The Strange Death of Liberal International Theory. European Journal of International Law. Vol. 12. No. 3. pp. 578-9. 22 J. D. Miller. Norman Angell and the Futility of War: Peace and the public mind. London: Macmillian: 1986. pp/ 124-125. 23 Norman Angell. Peace and the Public mind. para. 17 24 Norman Angell. Europes Optical Illusion. London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent , 1909(?)24-40; The Great Illusion:A study of the relation of military power to national advantage. London: William Heinemann 1913. pp. 26-40. 25 Andreas Osiander, Rereading Early Twentieth Century IR theory p. 417 26 Alfred Zimmern, Learning and Leadership. p. 11. 27 Alfred Zimmern, The Problem with Collective Security (ed) Q. Wright. Neutrality and Collective Security. Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 1936. p. 8. 28 Ibid. 29 E. H. Carr, Public Opinion as a Safeguard of Peace. p. 854. 30 E. H. Carr. The Twenty Years Crisis. pp. 208-223 31 Alfred Zimmern Learning and Leadership. p. 22 32 Norman Angell, The Great Illusion. 1913. pp. 200-221. 33 Alfred Zimmern, The Decline of International StandardsInternational Affiars (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1931-1939). Vol 17. No. 1 (Jan.-Feb. 1938), p. 21. 34 Norman Angell, The Great Illusion. P. 327 35 Norman Angell, Popular Education and International Affairs International Affairs (Royal Institute of International affairs 1931-1939) Vol. 11, No. 3 (May 1932), p. 323 36 Ibid, p 335-338, 338 37 Alfred Zimmern Learning and Leadership. p. 26-60 38 E. H. Carr. What is History? New York , St. Martins Press , 1961 p 190 39 Ibid. 40 Ibid p. 195. Propaganda is associated with the emotive and not with reason. 41 E. H. Carr. Public Opinion as a Safeguard of Peace. p. 861.

Albert Camus The Stranger Essay Example for Free

Albert Camus The Stranger Essay In Camus The Stranger, the author exposes a tension between society and the protagonists perspective of society. The reader comes to understand the pointlessness of existence through the protagonists lens. Although society defines people by actions, Meursault rejects ideas of categorization and embraces a nihilistic view of life. This judgment passed on individuals is based on an individuals actions. Meursault realizes that everything that lives must die, therefore no matter what one does in life, one is still doomed to the same fate that everyone else is. Meursault makes all of his decisions based on his notion that his actions are unimportant because no matter how society classifies him, he will still die. It is Meursaults utter rejection of all things irrational that separate him from his fellow man and make him a stranger. The fact that Meursault doesnt cry at his own mothers funeral demonstrates how Meursault is disconnected from the normal human emotions of grief that usually accompany death. Meursault is not even sure when his mother died. Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I dont know(3). He seems to view the rest of humanity as the others, as if he is a mere observer rather than a part of humanity that he was born into. For example, the image of the elderly people gathered around the caretaker nodding their heads at Meursault conjures up the feeling of vultures surveying their prey. Even Meursault himself feels that they were there to judge(10). His behavior only reinforces this division as he finds himself unable to share in the emotional connection and experience of the vigil. For instance, when one of the women starts to cry, his only response to the tender display of love is, I wish I didnt have to listen to her anymore(10). He does not relate to nor understand the womans humanityas if he were a stranger to the essential elements of what it means to be human. Moreover, when the vigil ends and the elderly friends leave they shake his hand, a gesture to which he mockingly thinks as if that night had somehow brought us closer together (12). This sarcasm underscores how utterly detached he feels from the rest of the world. After returning from the funeral for his mother, Meursault really demonstrates the meaninglessness of his life. What could possibly be more  boring and meaningless than walking around your apartment for a while? This passage is interesting because it gives the reader a rare glimpse of reflection about his mother. Even here, though, it is ultimately selfish in nature. Now that his mother is gone, he feels that his apartment is too big for him. He still lacks remorse or grief, but hes realizing how his mothers death affects him: abstractly and physically. The fact that Meursault thinks the apartment is too big for only him symbolizes his aloneness. Just as the apartment is too big and he lives only in one little part, the world is too big, and he is fundamentally alone. By killing the Arab, Meursault proves that his actions define him, and even if society labels him as a murderer, it does not matter because he is going to die anyway. The murder of the Arab takes place at the climax of the story and it makes the reader wonder why Meursault has no remorse. He is aware of what he is doing and is aware that it is wrong, however he does it anyway. Most people would care if they shot another man, but since he has no cares, he does it with no worries or remorse. If the other one moves in, or if he draws his knife, Ill let him have it (56). This moment in particular is an example of his detached, passive, and psychotic nature. He offers to kill so nonchalantly that it shows no moral stance whatsoever. Hes so mentally detached that the thought of murder poses no great emotion or even feared remorse. Meursault starts to question why he should care about his life before he dies. He does not question what things would make his life worthwhile, but he questions why he should even question the things that would benefit his life. As far as I could see, it didnt have anything to do with me(69). This emphasizes the point that Meursault is strongly disjointed from society and his and other peoples happiness. All Meursault knows is that it is not worth his time to worry about classifying things as good or bad because he will die regardless of his classification. Meursault is asked about emotions and feelings he doesnt have or care to have. Meursault is annoyed because this is all a worthless examination into something that will seemingly bring no real conclusion to anything, because life is absurd. Meursault was sure about one thingdeath. He was sure he would die, just like everyone else.  But I was sure about me, about everything, surer than he could ever be, sure of my life and sure of the death I had waiting for me (120). In his death, Meursault finally becomes part of the mainstream society, along with everyone else. The only guarantee in life is death. Meursault would die regardless of whether he killed the Arab or not. Meursault has reached the understanding that his life is not affected by his actions; it is only affected by his inevitable death. Meursault justifies his actions with his indifference. Whatever he has done in his life could not save him from his death. Meursaults emotional detachment and disconnect from everyday emotions make him a stranger to humanity.

Unilever Secures Its Mobile Devices Computer Science Essay

Unilever Secures Its Mobile Devices Computer Science Essay As a student of John Byrnes tutorials, I am doing the case study entitled Unilever secures its mobile devices. The primary objective of this assignment is to assess and analyze the impact wireless devices such as the BlackBerry mobile handsets are having on the company and how they are increasing productivity and performance. Another objective includes analyzing security features that Blackberry provides for its users, and what effect a security breach could have on this multi-national company. Last but not least, my objective is to make my own evaluations and make my own recommendations on what else could be done to improve this situation and also what else could be done to improve the performance of the company. Unilever is a multi-national company stretching across all the continents in the world such as Asia, Africa, The Americas and Oceania. They are well known for manufacturing brands such as Dove, Lux and Vaseline as personal hygiene products. They are also globally known for their food brands including Flora, Lipton and Streets. (Unilever, 2011).As a worldwide company, performance must be at their optimum levels to ensure operational excellence in the company. In March 2004, Unilevers senior management ordered the companys thousand top executives to be equipped with mobile handheld devices to increase their productivity. The company selected BlackBerry 7100, 7290, and 8700 handhelds from Research in Motion because they were the leader in their category and they worked with hetero- geneous e-mail servers and multiple wireless network standards, including CDMA and Wi-Fi. These handsets have allowed the executives to basically work on the move, and monitor the companys performance such as sales figures. It has allowed them to check their emails, and reply to them on time. This handset also allowed the executives to talk more with the customers. As a result of the introduction of Blackberry handsets to the company; it has increased productivity and performance. This can be shown through the companys 2005 annual report/review. The companys turnover was $49,352,000,000 USD. This was an increase from their 2004 turnover by 1,608,000,000 USD. Another interesting statistic which was found in the 2005 charts was that their net profit margins increased by 2.4 % to 10% in 2005. The companys net profit also slightly increased from $3,641,000,000 USD in 2004 to $ 4,945,000,000 USD in 2005. These figures can be used to show the affect that mobile handsets have had on the companys performance. I have attached the 2005 Unilever charts for a further understanding of the changes in the net profit margins and the net profit. For the net profit graph, the green line is the indicator for the US dollars and the light brown line in the profit margins graph is used to show the net profit margin changes. I have also included the turnover graph and the green line shows the turnover in USD. A security breach at Unilever could cause severe damage to the company in the short term and long term. A security breach can be caused through many things, including through the hacking of the BlackBerry handsets and their company computers, or it can be caused of a simple error such as misplacing your phone or leaving it vulnerable to be stolen. The BlackBerry handsets and Unilever computers and laptops have sensitive data stored in them such as customer information and confidential company information. The loss of customer information may lead to the company to be sued by the customers. It is Unilevers responsibility to ensure the protection of this data. Another danger is unauthorized users who are able to access corporate networks. This may lead to the introduction of computer viruses and worms. If this was to happen, all the information which was stored may be corrupted and destroyed. Such an event can severely cripple the companys ability to perform, and may even force them ou t of business if they dont have a backup system in place. The loss of confidential company information such as sales figures and sales forecasting data can result in a loss of revenue and allow competitors to use this information to a full extent to gain an upper advantage in the market. Finally, security breaches also have the capability to tarnish a companies reputation and put the business under scrutiny. So far, Unilever has not been affected by a security breach. In 2004, the Unilever executives were equipped with BlackBerry handsets in a bid to increase the companys performance. If the security measures are too harsh, then executives will not be able to use the device efficiently, which means that this will have a negative impact on the businesses ability to conduct business thoroughly. Using this example, a management factor that must be taken into consideration is that to make sure that the security policies and procedures dont interfere with the companys ability to do business. Both of these issues must be kept balanced. In this workplace, some executives know that they have a device which is linked with the companys information and database and know what the impacts can be if the device gets into some unauthorized persons hands. On the other hand, there are executives who are not aware of the consequences this can have. Therefore, an organization factor that must be considered is the lack of knowledge. Many steps can be taken to ensure t his doesnt happen. Some steps may include offering a training program to the executives regarding the proper use of the BlackBerry handset and so forth. A technological factor that needs to be addressed is determining the specifications of the wireless handheld device required. These specifications must strike a balance between its security features, how user friendly the device is as well as its cost. Unilever determined that couple of BlackBerry models best suited their needs. Each company will have different needs and priorities. Management, organization and technological factors that need to be taken into consideration will be based on those needs and priorities. BlackBerry Enterprise Solutions allows you to mobilize your workplace, your workers can make timely decisions based on the best information available, increasing their productivity and boosting your business performance. The BlackBerry Enterprise Solution allows mobile users to access communications and information wirelessly, including email and text messaging, corporate data and the organizer. It has provided Unilever with many benefits that include flexibility and lowest total cost of operation of mobile enterprise solutions. For flexibility, this solution supports all leading enterprise email platforms, back-end systems and applications from a wide range of vendors. It also allows you to manage multiple wireless network technologies, devices, messaging servers and enterprise systems with a single BlackBerry Enterprise Server. The BlackBerry Enterprise Solution allows organizations to keep their employees connected to the information and people that matter, while still benefiting from a low overall total cost of operation.This solution offers very good wireless data security and stored data security. For wireless data security, end to end encryption and rsa secur-id two factor authentications are used. In end to end encryption, the BlackBerry Enterprise Solution offers two transport encryption options, advanced encryption standard (aes) and triple data encryption standard (triple des), for all data transmitted between BlackBerry Enterprise Server and BlackBerry smartphones. Private encryption keys are generated in a secure, two-way authenticated environment and are assigned to each BlackBerry smartphone user. Each secret key is stored only in the users secure enterprise account such as Microsoft Exchange and on their BlackBerry smartphone and can be regenerated wirelessly by the user. (Research In Motion, 2011), Data sent to the BlackBerry smartphone is encrypted by BlackBerry Enterprise Server using the private key retrieved from the users mailbox. The encrypted information travels securely across the network to the device where it is decrypted with the key stored there. Data remains encrypted in transit and is never decrypted outside of the corporate firewall. Rsa secur-id two factor authentications provides organizations with additional authorization when users access application data or corporate intranets on their BlackBerry smartphones. BlackBerry mds Services (mobile data system) utilize rsa ace/agent authorization api 5.0 to interface to rsa ace servers. Users are prompted for their username and token passcode when navigating to a site or application requiring authorization. Other security features include https secure data access and code signing and digital certificates. (Research In Motion, 2011) BlackBerry mds services act as a secure gateway between the wireless network and corporate intranets and the internet. They leverage the BlackBerry aes or Triple des encryption transport and also enable https connections to application servers. BlackBerry smartphones support https communication in one of two modes, depending on corporate security requirements: Proxy Mode: An ssl/tls connection is created between BlackBerry Enterprise Server and the application server on behalf of BlackBerry smartphones. Data from the application server is then aes or Triple des encrypted and sent over the wireless network to BlackBerry smartphones. End-to-End Mode: Data is encrypted over ssl/tls for the entire connection between BlackBerry smartphones and the application server, making end-to-end mode connections most appropriate for applications where only the transaction end-points are trusted. BlackBerry smartphones applications created using the BlackBerry java development environment (jde), whic h have certain functionality such as the ability to execute on startup or to access potentially sensitive BlackBerry smartphone application data, require developers to sign and register their applications with Research In Motion.This adds protection by providing a greater degree of control and predictability to the loading and behavior of applications on BlackBerry smartphones. Additionally, the BlackBerry signing authority tool can help protect access to the functionality and data of third party applications by enabling corporate developers or administrators to manage access to specific sensitive Application Programming Interfaces and data stores through the use of server-side software and public and private signature keys.  To help protect BlackBerry mds Studio applications from tampering, corporate developers can sign an application bundle with a digital certificate. (Research In Motion, 2011) They can use either a trusted certificate authority or a generated certificate. BlackBerry mds studio generates and signs applications with certificates that are in line with the public key infrastructure (X.509) standard. For stored data security, The BlackBerry Enterprise Solution extends corporate security to the wireless device and provides administrators with tools to manage this security. To secure information stored on BlackBerry smartphones, password authentication can be made mandatory through the customizable IT policies of the BlackBerry Enterprise Server. By default, password authentication is limited to ten attempts after which the devices memory is erased. Local encryption of all data (messages, address book entries, calendar entries, memos and tasks) can also be enforced via IT policy. And with the Password Keeper, advanced encryption standard (aes) encryption technology allows password entries to be stored securely on the device. Additionally, system administrators can create and send wireless commands to remotely change BlackBerry smartphone passwords and lock or delete information from lost or stolen BlackBerry smartphones. The BlackBerry Enterprise Server Security also is a form of security. BlackBerry Enterprise Server does not store any email or data. To increase protection from unauthorized parties, there is no staging area between the server and the BlackBerry smartphone where data is decrypted. Security is further enhanced by allowing only authenticated, outbound-initiated connections through port 3101 of the firewall. No inbound traffic is permitted from sources other than the BlackBerry smartphone or the email server, meaning unauthorized commands cannot be executed on the system. Only communications that can be decrypted with a valid encryption key are permitted between the server and the wireless network. (Research In Motion, 2011) The three pictures I have attached give a further insight as to how the security works. ( BlackBerry security,2011) Flow diagram for end-to-end encryption (BlackBerry security,2011). http://uk.blackberry.com/ataglance/security/secure_data_access.gif (BlackBerry security,2011) http://us.blackberry.com/ataglance/security/bes-diag_large.jpg BlackBerry tools provide effective anti-virus protections for a BlackBerry deployment. They use containment methods that are designed to prevent malware that might gain access to the BlackBerry smartphone from causing damage to the BlackBerry smartphone, its applications and its data, and also to the corporate network. BlackBerry smartphone applications include inherent virus protection and spyware protection that is designed to contain and prevent the spread of viruses and spyware to other applications. Application controls are available on BlackBerry smartphones that are running on a BlackBerry Enterprise Server or on the BlackBerry Internet Service. BlackBerry smartphone users can use the application controls on their BlackBerry smartphones to prevent the installation of specific third-party applications and to limit the permissions of third-party applications. See the BlackBerry Internet Service Security Feature Overview for more information on using BlackBerry smartphone applica tion controls to protect a BlackBerry smartphone running on the BlackBerry Internet Service against malware. (Research In Motion, 2011) The BlackBerry Enterprise Solution is designed to provide anti-virus protection through its malware protection. The BlackBerry Enterprise Solution includes tools that provide against all malware. Administrators can use IT policy and application control policies on the BlackBerry Enterprise Server, and BlackBerry smartphone users can use application controls on BlackBerry smartphones to contain malware by controlling third-party Java application access to BlackBerry smartphone resources and applications. (Research In Motion, 2011) Finally, Unilever uses various mobile services in their current business operations. In 2010, Vodafone was selected as Unilevers provider of all mobile communication needs. Various mobile services that are being used are mobile e-mail, sms texting (short message service) and mms (multi-media service), and also the basic phone call. Other mobile services include voicemail and just using integrated content such as calendars applications. All of these services are play crucial role in creating an agile and cost competitive organization that operates in a sustainable way. Unilever, using Vodafones information on trends in mobility, will slightly give them an upper edge and allow Unilever to develop innovative ways to stay closely connected with our consumers and customers. (Flash, 2011) I personally think that the mobile handsets have had an effect on the companys performance in a positive way. It has allowed more interaction with the customers and has allowed e-commerce to be done efficiently on the go. WORDS : 2,282.

The Young Couple by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, Country Lovers by Nadine Gord

â€Å"The Young Couple† by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, â€Å"Country Lovers† by Nadine Gordimer and â€Å"Veronica† by Adewale Maja-Pearce The writers in the following short stories from diverse cultures present relationship problems encountered by characters due to social and cultural pressures. The social pressures are civil war, poverty, apartheid, and education. The cultural pressures are due to different cultures with different values and beliefs, social standings in society and society’s prejudices and discrimination. The authors of â€Å"The Young Couple†, â€Å"Country Lovers† and â€Å"Veronica† demonstrate all of these issues using a variety of different techniques to highlight the relationship problems. They want to capture the reader’s mind and sympathy and provoke thinking. The reader is invited to form his/her opinion about the issues discussed. The main themes of the stories, as intended by the authors, portray the difference in gender roles, social standing and the influence and pressure of the family. In â€Å"Country Lovers†, by Nadine Gordimer, societal pressures cause the problems between the main characters and their relationship. Thebedi and Paulus cannot be together openly because of the apartheid system. Segregation of society meant that the whites â€Å"ruled† the coloured people. Paulus Eysendyk is a privileged farmers son and white. He is rick and is esteemed by others. He is educated. He was a â€Å"baasie-little master†. Both he and Thebedi, a black have a childhood relationship that blooms into a more adult one, albeit, a clandestine one â€Å"each returned home with the dark – she to her mother’s hut, he to the farmhouse† because of the differences in their race and social status. The relationship results in a baby. However, Th... ..., you hear?† Throughout this essay, I have showed how the writers of the 3 stories show the relationship problems encountered by the characters, they created, due to social and cultural pressures. The different traditions and religions of the characters also add to the tangled webs of their lives. The writers had presented their stories with clarity as they used a variety of different techniques to highlight the problems the characters faced. They have expressed their points well with the use of incisive language, effective structure, precise tone, and appropriate mood. The writer of â€Å"Veronica†, Adewale Maja-Pearce was most effective in his objective because he was compassionate in his work. The narrative is very matter of fact, and the shortness of the story and the language ties in with the fatalistic view and mind set of the main character, Veronica.

Gender Diversity: Using Information Technology in Today’s Classroom. E

Gender Diversity: Using Information Technology in Today’s Classroom. What happens when your education is different from mine? When does that invisible line get erased; When youth’s, adolescent’s or adults, male or female encounter the same unique education being taught with nothing being held back just because of gender. In today’s society, teachers and students are connected by using information technology to help expand their knowledge on the issue of gender diversity in the classroom. Gender diversity is not an issue in the United States that just gets swept under the carpet, it’s greater than that, it’s something that has become a worldwide concern affecting the ways in which students are educated in most schools. Issues of diversity are not new. In fact, â€Å"contracting communities are faced with this topic a little too regular, meaning it’s time for change† (Sunderland, 2002). As the reader of this document you will discover the true definition of gender diversity, how it has affected students in numerous ways, what techniques have become greatly appreciated when reaching teachers and students inside of the classroom curriculum, various approaches toward change, a complete understanding of digital divide, a shine of hope and dedication, while striving for a new day. â€Å"Gender differences in ways of learning have been described by researchers observing children as young as three† (Tannen, 1990). When children are young they tend to fight and argue about the same play item. Amazingly, today whether the fighting and arguing is about toys, friends, etc. it’s more about computers and the ways in which people learn relating to gender differences. Every day in our society, there is given a dominant role to which peop... ...ealth Journal. Teachers College Record, 105 (2), 1-21. Risman, B (2003). Gender & Society: Valuing all flavors of feminist sociology. Sociology, 17, 659-663. Schank, R. (2003, November). FUTURE PERSPECTIVE- A Vision of Education for the 21st Century. Retrieved November 9, 2003, from http://www.thejournal.com/magazine/vault/A2598.cfm Sunderland, J. (2000). New Understandings of Gender and Language Classroom Research: Texts, Teacher Talk and Student Talk. Language Teacher Research Journal, 4, 149-173. Tannen, Deborah. (1990). You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men Conversation. New York: Ballantine Books. Babbie, E. (1999). The Basics of Social Research. California: Wadsworth’s. This book was an overall review of research performed in the past and present by both women and men about the success and downfall of diversity in education.